Significance of Capital Market for Economic Development

Criticalness of Capital Market for Economic Development An Explotary Study On The Significance of Capital Market for Economic Development and Its Further Growth Potential In Context of Bangladesh Unique This examination paper explores whether the job of capital market is huge for the financial improvement of Bangladesh. Writing proposes that very much created financial exchange can give an additional impulse to monetary action. Comparable ends were likewise drawn from the top to bottom meetings. This paper additionally uncovers a very much examined situation of the capital market featuring its difficulties, current shortcoming, ongoing enhancements and its imminent indications of advancement through which we can anticipate whether the capital market has further development potential or not. Therefore the current examination can likewise contribute in giving fundamental data that can likewise be utilized for additional exploration. Contractions ADB-Asian Development Bank CDBL-Central Depository of Bangladesh Limited CDS-Central Depository System CSE-Chittagong Stock Exchange DGEN-DSE general list DSE-Dhaka Stock Exchange Gross domestic product GDP Initial public offering first sale of stock SEC-Security and Exchange Commission 1.0 Introduction The monetary market adds to the financial development and advancement by giving the required account to arrangement of merchandise and enterprises. The monetary market comprises of two division-currency market and capital market. The currency showcase is fundamentally qualified for flexibly money on momentary premise to people, organizations, undertakings, government and their offices. The capital market, then again, gives money on medium to long haul premise to corporate bodies, government and their organizations (Al-Faki, 2006). Capital Market assumes a critical job in any cutting edge economy as they permit investors’ reserve to stream to the most encouraging chances, i.e., the assets are assembled and diverted proficiently from savers to the clients of assets (Al-Faki, 2006; DSE, 2006; Hubbard and Thornton, 2006; Ahmed, 1997). In Bangladesh money related intermediation depends for the most part on the financial segment which further brought about absence of value financing (Salahuddin Ahmed, 2007; Islam and Hassan 2002). Besides out of 5 million urban-based white collar class individuals just 400,000 are taking an interest in the protections showcase and among them about hundred thousand are dynamic financial specialists. An enormous segment is as yet uninformed of the nature and advantages of the capital market (Abu Ahmed, 2006; DSE Review, 2006; Islam and Hassan, 2002). Growing progressively complete and more profound capital market would upgrade a nations development potential and advancement (Andritzky, 2007). The powers of globalization, innovation, new types of rivalry have observably changed capital market around the world (Hassan, 2004). The main guide Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed expressed that â€Å"Only a dynamic and all around managed capital market can get supportable monetary advancement the nation through creation the genuine part equipped for meeting the difficulties of the serious worldwide financial realities† ( DSE Monthly Review, June 2007). Despite late enhancements, Bangladesh’s capital market stays immature as its size is still little regarding market top (ADB, 2006; Salahuddin Ahmed, 2007; Islam and Hassan 2002). The market top speaks to simply above 9% of the GDP (Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed recovered from DSE Review). As Bangladesh capital market is still very little contrasted with other local market and to the size of its economy (CSE, 2006) regardless of its reality for quite a while, this paper applies a structure for breaking down the criticalness of capital market for financial development and advancement of Bangladesh, distinguishing its development possibilities through investigation. 2.0 Problem Statement Bangladesh’s capital market is as yet immature, notwithstanding ongoing enhancements. The size of the country’s capital market is very little essentially because of the extreme reliance of driving corporate substances on the banks for financing. Besides the general straightforwardness of market exchange is additionally low contrasted with universal principles and by and large there has been moderate improvement of the hidden market foundation. The legislature is putting forth attempt to build up the dependability and proficiency of stock trades as venture showcase. Contrasted with the other neighboring nations the quantities of members are a lot littler in Bangladesh as financial specialist need certainty. There is a gracefully side compels in the capital market as quality offers are inadequate. For this explanation this examination is done to investigate the significance of capital market in the economy and what are the planned indication of improvement of the securities exchange. 3.0 Purpose of the Study The motivation behind the investigation is to investigate an all around checked situation of Bangladesh capital market, its criticalness and its possibilities. Albeit some examination has been led identifying with this subject yet there is minimal exact proof about how basic financial exchange is to monetary advancement of a nation. A sound capital market prompts better monetary base and impact its future development thus it can help acknowledge Bangladesh’s development potential. The capital market of Bangladesh is on the verge to assume its due job as a vehicle for financing venture and in this way making an outstanding commitment to monetary development, business creation and neediness lightening. The capital market assumes a significant job in stimulating the pace of financial turn of events however the current condition of the capital market is immature and not in a situation to guarantee monetary advancement of the nation. Henceforth this examination will attempt to feature the importance of capital market for the country and investigate what are the likely indications of progress. 4.0 Research Timeline 2007 SeptemberWriting Research Proposal 2007 SeptemberDeveloping Literature Review 2007 OctoberCollecting Data 2007 October-NovemberData Analysis and Interpretation of the Findings 2007 NovemberPreparing Draft and Finalizing the Research Paper 2007 DecemberSubmission of Research Paper 5.0 Limitations of the examination During leading the examination I went over specific constraints and among them the principal one is time compel. In spite of the fact that I got the chance to work in an association that is capital market based however it was hard to track down extra time that could be utilized for the report. Besides the talked with individual couldn't give all vital data because of absence of time. The exploration course of events additionally uncovers that time compel was really an obstruction as there was bounty to discover about this examination theme. As the examination is led just because, I didn't get a lot of help from past exploration paper and further exploration is recommended. An enormous segment of the report depends on auxiliary information gathered through sites thus the profundity of dependability fluctuates as by the idea of site. 6.0 Review of the Literature 6.1 Financial Intermediation As indicated by Joseph Yam (2004) money related intermediation is diverting reserve funds into ventures. Aziz and Duenwald (2002) alluded that budgetary intermediation influences development through the accompanying channels †(I) it can build the minimal profitability of capital by gathering data to assess elective venture ventures and by chance sharing (ii) it can raise the extent of reserve funds directed to speculation through monetary turn of events. As indicated by Conning and Kevane (2002) â€Å"intermediation infers an intermediary†. Gorton and Winton (2002) included that â€Å"it is the root organization in the sparing venture process†. They alluded that monetary delegates are firms that acquire from the individuals who have abundance cash, that is, the savers and loan the cash to organizations that need assets for speculation. 6.2 Performance Indicators As per R. N. Agarwal (2000) the most ordinarily utilized standard to quantify the size of a country’s securities exchange is advertise capitalization proportion, that is, the proportion of market estimation of stocks which are as of now recorded on a bourse to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A little proportion of capitalization to GDP uncovers the little size of a financial exchange. On the other hand, the size can be estimated by the quantity of recorded organizations on a securities exchange. The tallness of development of an economy’s money related framework is fundamental for monetary turn of events. Bekeart et al., (2007), Hubard and Thornton (2006), Rosul (2002) all researched the essentialness and connection of securities exchange advancement with the monetary development and their decision recommends that capital market improvement is decidedly corresponded with long haul financial development and the capital market assumes a significant job in the monetary advancement of any nation. The size of the value capital market optimistically affects monetary development of the nation, that is, a lot higher market top and turnover impacts the economy (Institute for Advanced Studies, IHS, 2006). It is seen that the proportion of market top to GDP in neighboring nations like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka is generally a lot higher, that is, over 60% of their GDP (DSE, Kh. Asadul Islam, 2007; Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed,2007). In Bangladesh the market top is little extent of the nations GDP (Islam Hassan, 2002) and this is because of critical reliance on the financial area (DSE Review, Fakhruddin Ahmed, June 2007). Market capitalization as a portion of GDP was around 2.5%-3.3% during 2001-2003 contrasted and 1.4-10.1% during 1993-1996 and 2-4% during 1997-2000. Anyway in the year 2004 market top arrived at 6.8% mirroring the ascent in the DSE list from 968 to 1,971 toward the finish of 2003 and 2004 separately (ADB, May 2005). The pattern of market top as level of GDP and other capital market pointers of DSE and CSE are appeared through the assistance of factual information spoke to in the dis

Brazil Macroeconomics Essay

The nation of decision is Brazil for the accompanying reasons: it is a blasting economy, which furnishes some unmistakable difference with the stagnation and ever-referenced expression ‘double-plunge recession’ which currently ordinarily utilized in the West. Macroeconomics is worried about the investigation of total economy, which epitomizes all broadly applicable financial pointers. The regular markers are the joblessness rate, the pace of swelling, the GDP per capita, monetary development, the financial cycle, and the work power. Since 2003, Brazil’s economy has been developing consistently. It has been improving its macroeconomic steadiness notwithstanding a little emergency in 2008 which saw its development rate decay to 2.6%. In 2010 it developed by 7.6% in the midst of recharged certainty from remote speculators. Some portion of the explanation behind this is the high loan costs which make it appealing to remote financial specialists. Note likewise this was its most noteworthy development in 25 years, while individuals particularly given that numerous economies were battling simultaneously. Moreover, the proceeding with streams of speculation into the assembling division have given more prominent spine to the economy. Note that a normally refered to explanation behind the financial battle of the UK for instance is its everlasting exchanging deficiency. It doesn't trade enough, it doesn't fabricate enough. With normal assets, for example, tin, dirt, uranium, platinum, oil, cocoa, gold, wood, and hydroelectric influence (and considerably more), Brazil is commonly perceived as one of the normally most extravagant nations on Earth regarding amount and presumably the most extravagant as far as assortment of assets. The subject being treated here is definitely not a similar examination between Brazil, a developing economy and the declining economies of the West. Similar examination may be utilized quickly so as to additionally affirm the extraordinary exhibition of this economy since 2003. In the field of macroeconomics, it is basic to take a gander at things from a national and global stance and in this way the presentation of one economy isn't just comparative with its past exhibition yet additionally comparative with different economies on the planet. In the previous decade Brazil’s Government has joined financial strategy has been utilized on occasion to fight off over the top expansion and support utilization. The motivation behind why this has worked out is that over the long haul, the nation has reliably been making employments both in the assembling and the administrations parts, which as one with financial arrangement have helped keep a top on swelling in the previous ten years. This purpose of accomplishment will be broke down motel profundity given that this nation was recently known to have enormous inflationary issues before the most recent decade. http://www.bbc.co.uk http://www.indexmundi.com/brazil/economy_profile.html http://www.thomaswhite.com/investigate the-world/brazil.aspx

Temperature Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Temperature Effect - Essay Example Wond and Batt (2003) embraced the main motivation behind the analysis was to decide if temperature fundamentally influenced the amylase hydrolysis procedure of the fungial amylase protein. The second motivation behind the investigation was to decide if temperature essentially influenced the amylase hydrolysis procedure of the microscopic organisms amylase compound. Omemu et al. (2005) repeated the Amylase chemical is the significant fixing expected to catalyze the basic starch compound into its normal components. Amylase hydrolysis incorporates dissolvable maltose (sugar) methods (Acton, 2013). Further, Carlsen et al. (1998) watched the soy sauce â€generating Aspergillus_Oryzae Fungus creates the contagious amylase yield. The gathering individuals can get the amylase in one of numerous structures, powder structure. Nonetheless, the fluid structure can be utilized if the force structure isn't accessible. Supino (2012) clarified the Hydrolysis can be characterized as the impact of water on the compound bonds’ cleavage. For instance, hydrolysis is the separating of the starch compound into its sugar parts (particles). In particular, the analysis is compared to isolating one compound into its various parts with the utilization of water. Hydro implies water. In addition, the amylase hydrolysis process concentrated on four distinctive temperature conditions. The temperature levels are 0 degrees centigrade temperature, 39 degrees centigrade temperature level, 41 degrees centigrade temperature level, 54 degrees centigrade temperature level, 56 degrees centigrade temperature condition, 85 degrees centigrade temperature level.

Essay about The Ocean Environment - 2941 Words

Ocean Environment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The sea is the most obvious feature of the earths surface. Approximately seventy percent of this surface is covered by water, in one way or another. Beneath this water are the familiar sands of the beaches, bottoms of bays, and the inshore ocean. Farther offshore this water covers an amazing submarine topography of underwater canyons, trenches, mountains, and plains. Unlike the continents, which are physically separated from one another, the oceans are continuous and interconnected. Since the quot;world ocean is continuousquot;(M.J. Keen) it has similar characteristics throughout. In the early 1870s oceanographers collected seawater samples from all of the seas of the world at a variety†¦show more content†¦They all have crests, troughs, wave heights, lengths, and periods. Also, water particles that make up the waves all move in identical orbital patterns. The orbital pattern is up and forward in the crest and down and back in the trough. It is only when the wave becomes unstable that the orbital motion is destroyed. The water particles then begin to move at the same speed as the moving wave form. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Breaking waves release a tremendous amount of stored energy on a beach face. This energy moves the sand about and changes the configuration of the bottom. As the bottom configuration is changed by the waves, it changes the characteristics of incoming waves. This interaction between the waves and the bottom results in the beach face having an everlasting wave pattern. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Everything in the universe is composed of extremely small paritcles called atoms, which are often bonded together to form molecules. Molecules are formed as the result fo the transfer of electrons between atoms. The complete loss and gain of electrons results in the formation of ionic molecules, which have completely positive and negative vegions. 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Analysis Of The Book Wonderland, And Its Sequel

In analyzing Lewis Carroll’s works Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, and its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass, studying the the illustrations is of as great importance as examining the text that they depict. From the first sentence of Wonderland, Carroll exhibits a concern for illustrations and their role regarding storytelling in writing, â€Å"‘what is the use of a book’, thought Alice, ‘without pictures,’† (Carroll 7). As Carroll seems to have intended, the words which comprise Wonderland and Looking-Glass are only a one facet in the reader’s interpretation of the two works. Equally important as the written text to the experience of Wonderland and Looking-Glass House is illustration, and by extension different artists’ interpretations of these fantastical worlds. Interpreting the Alice stories through illustration first was Carroll himself, further increasing the interest of the relation between image and text as well a s the question of the importance of pictures to their stories. Evidently Carroll intended the text of Alice’s adventures to be accompanied with images for readers, even initially putting in the time and effort himself to ensure their illustration, demonstrating the great concern he had for the relationship between the text of a story and its visual depiction. However, for the first official publication of Wonderland, Carroll enlisted artist John Tenniel to create entirely new illustrations for the story. These new illustrations by Tenniel have become iconicShow MoreRelatedThe Fantastic Author Of The World s Most Wonderful Children2290 Words   |  10 Pagesone day become what generations know as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Tyle). It was first put into print when young, Alice begged Carroll to write the story down so she could later reread the wonderful tale (Tyle). Once he had decided he would publish the story, illustrations were added by John Tenniel and Alice ’s Adventures in Wonderland was published in 1865 (Tyle). 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Greatest Presidents of the United States Abraham Lincoln

One of the great Presidents of the United States and a condemner of war, Abraham Lincoln, once said, â€Å"Military glory--that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood--that serpents eye, that charms to destroy.† Similarly, E.E. Cummings denounces war in his poems, after first hand experiences of battle in World War I. Although American society glamorizes war and the honor of sending a loved one to war, Cummings argues through his depictions of actual life on the battlefield, that this glamorization is not patriotic. People who push their children and friends into battle are not aware of and have no desire to be aware of the traumatizing experiences that the soldiers, whom they so proudly support, are facing. As exemplified through a unique writing style and the false rhetoric used by â€Å"patriots† who support war, Cummings suggests that the influence from a soldier’s home-front that pushes him to war is ironically anti-patriotic. After witnessing an d experiencing war first hand during service in the ambulance corps and as a soldier in World War I, Cummings understood the crippling impact that war has on young men. For this reason, Cummings condemns war and its supporters, who do not understand the danger of warfare, but encourage their sons to join the forces. Ironically, these young men who are launched into duty, are, â€Å"sen[t] home to [their] mother[s] in a new nice pine box†(62), as a result of their service. The families that once pridefully bragged about theirShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln : The Greatest President Of The United States1051 Words   |  5 Pages Abraham Lincoln, arguably said to be the greatest president of the United States, was simply a smooth-tongued politician with the ability to sway the masses and imbibe a sense of patriotism which would allow for the United States to go to war against itself, all while under the guise of equality and slavery; when in reality the war was about individual state rights, and the fact that the southern states were becoming too powerful to be controlled by the centralized federal government. Even fromRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. 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History Of The Computer Industry In America America And The Computer I Essay Example For Students

History Of The Computer Industry In America America And The Computer I Essay ndustryOnly once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the U.S. and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years.However, only in the last 40 years has it changed the American society.From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of people?s lives for the better.The very earliest existence of the modern day computer?s ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to programming rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first ?digital calculating machine?. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal?s father who was a tax collector (Soma, 32).In the early 1800?s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed byand stored data oncards with holes punched in them, appropriately called ?punchcards?. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device (Soma, 46).After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest (Osborne, 45). Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention (Gulliver, 82). Since the population of the U.S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool in tabulating the totals.These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines (IBM), Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations. By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digits. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, and memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the worlds business computing and a good portion of the computing work in science (Chposky, 73).By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts. Aikens machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations. Also, it had special built-in programs to handle logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape.Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long computations without human intervention (Chposky, 103).The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military. New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data.In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator. It could multiply two numbers at the rate of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was thus about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of computers (Dolotta, 47).ENIAC used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space, and used about 180,000 watts of electricity. It used punched-card input and output. The ENIAC was very difficult to program because one had to essentially re-wire it to perform whatever task he wanted the computer to do. It was, however, efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used in many applications from 1946 to 1955 (Dolotta, 50). Mathematician John von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC.In 1945 he undertook a theoretical study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple and yet be able to execute any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computers. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted (Hall, 73). An Analysis Of ' The Kite Runner ' Essay Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by photographic means (Rogers, 142). In the 1970s entire assemblies, such as adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny chips of silicon. In the 1980s very large scale integration (VLSI), in which hundreds of thousands of transistors are placed on a single chip, became increasingly common.Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The size-reduction trend continued with the introduction of personal computers, which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals (Rogers, 153).One of the first of such machines was introduced in January 1975. Popular Electronics magazine provided plans that would allow any electronics wizard to build his own small, programmable computer for about $380 (Rose, 32). The computer was called the ?Altair 8800?. Its programming involved pushing buttons and flipping switches on the front of the box. It didn?t include a monitor or keyboard, and its applications were very limited (Jacobs, 53). Even though, many orders came in for it and several famous owners of computer and software manufacturing companies got their start in computing through the Altair.For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer, built a much cheaper, yet more productive version of the Altair and turned their hobby into a business (Fluegelman, 16). After the introduction of the Altair 8800, the personal computer industry became a fierce battleground of competition. IBM had been the computer industry standard for well over a half-century. They held their position as the standard when they introduced their first personal computer, the IBM Model 60 in 1975 (Chposky, 156). However, the newly formed Apple Computer company was releasing its own personal computer, the Apple II (The Apple I was the first computer designed by Jobs and Wozniak in Wozniak?s garage, which was not produced on a wide scale). Software was needed to run the computers as well. Microsoft developed a Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) for the IBM computer while Apple developed its own software system (Rose, 37). Because Microsoft had now set the software standard for IBMs, every software manufacturer had to make their software compatible with Microsoft?s. This would lead to huge profits for Microsoft (Cringley, 163). The main goal of the computer manufacturers was to make the computer as affordable as possible while increasing speed, reliability, and capacity. Nearly every computer manufacturer accomplished this and computers popped up everywhere. Computers were in businesses keeping track of inventories. Computers were in colleges aiding students in research. Computers were in laboratories making complex calculations at high speeds for scientists and physicists. The computer had made its mark everywhere in society and built up a huge industry (Cringley, 174).The future is promising for the computer industry and its technology. The speed of processors is expected to double every year and a half in the coming years. As manufacturing techniques are further perfected the prices of computer systems are expected to steadily fall.However, since the microprocessor technology will be increasing, it?s higher costs will offset the drop in price of older processors. In other words, the price of a new computer will stay about the same from year to year, but technology will steadily increase (Zachary, 42)Since the end of World War II, the computer industry has grown from a standing start into one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the United States. It now comprises thousands of companies, making everything from multi-million dollar high-speed supercomputers to printout paper and floppy disks. It employs millions of people and generates tens of billions of dollars in sales each year (Malone, 192). Surely, the computer has impacted every aspect of people?s lives. It has affected the way people work and play. It has made everyone?s life easier by doing difficult work for people. The computer truly is one of the most incredible inventions in history. Works Cited Chposky, James. Blue Magic. New York: Facts on File Publishing. 1988. Cringley, Robert X. Accidental Empires. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing, 1992. Dolotta, T.A. Data Processing: 1940-1985. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1985. Fluegelman, Andrew. ?A New World?, MacWorld. San Jose, Ca: MacWorld Publishing, February, 1984 (Premire Issue). Hall, Peter. Silicon Landscapes. Boston: Allen Irwin, 1985 Gulliver, David. Silicon Valey and Beyond. Berkeley, Ca: Berkeley Area Government Press, 1981. Hazewindus, Nico. The U.S. Microelectronics Industry. New York: Pergamon Press, 1988. Jacobs, Christopher W. ?The Altair 8800?, Popular Electronics. New York: Popular Electronics Publishing, January 1975. Malone, Michael S. The Big Scare: The U.S. Coputer Industry. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Co., 1985. Osborne, Adam. Hypergrowth. 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